Вісник Астрономічної школи, 2016, том 12, № 2, с. 86–95

https://doi.org/10.18372/2411-6602.12.2086
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Колишня 9-та і можлива майбутня 9-та планета Сонячної системи

Відьмаченко А.П.

Главная астрономическая обсерватория НАН Украины

Реферат

У Сонячній системі були сформовані 4 планети земного типу і 4 планети-гіганти. Між ними розташований Головний пояс астероїдів, а за планетами-гігантами – пояс Койпера і хмара Оорта. Тому планетна система оточена роєм кам'яно-крижаних тіл до відстані 105 а.о. Колишня 9-та планета Сонячної системи, Плутон, є першим відомим об'єктом пояса Койпера. Завдяки даним з космічного апарату «Нові горизонти» вдалося істотно поліпшити дані щодо фізичних характеристик об'єкта і його поверхні. Численні спостереження показали, що сам пояс Койпера динамічно стабільний, а джерелом кометних ядер є розсіяний понад 4 мільярди років тому гравітаційним збуренням планет-гігантів диск. Нещодавно було повідомлено про непрямі докази існування нової 9-ї планети в Сонячній системі з масою в 10 разів більшою за масу Землі, відстанню від Сонця в перигелії ∼200 а.о., в афелії – 600–1200 а.о. і періодом обертання ∼15000 років. Ці висновки засновані на розрахунку орбіт 6 відомих на сьогодні об'єктів розсіяного диска. Ми звертаємо увагу, що в моменти, близькі до їх відкриття, вони розташовувалися біля перигелію, мали максимальний блиск і максимальну швидкість руху по орбіті. Виходячи з імовірнісних припущень, ми оцінили, що ймовірна кількість таких же тіл з витягнутими орбітами має обчислюватися не одиницями, а багатьма тисячами. Для первинної оцінки ми використали дані спостережень з інфрачервоного космічного телескопа «WISE». Вони показали, що на відстанях до 30 000 а.о. – відсутній аналог Сатурна. Тому на відстані до 1000 а.о. була б видна супер-Земля з радіусом <11000 км (з масою ∼10 мас Землі). Таким чином, або невідома 9-та планета зараз знаходиться на більшій відстані, або ці результати не можна прямо масштабувати на супер-Землю з непропорційно меншими запасами внутрішнього тепла.

Ключові слова: Солнечная система; Плутон; транснептуновые объекты

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